Publications Archive - ChiNorClimate

This study estimates China's CH₄ emissions from 43 sources in 2020 and projects trends to 2050 under two scenarios: Current Legislation (CLE) and Maximum Technically Feasible Reduction (MFR). Using the GAINS model with updated province-level data, it finds a national CH₄ budget of 1114 MtCO₂e in 2020, dominated by energy (59%) and agriculture (28%). By 2050, emissions could fall up to 48% below CLE (46% below 2020), mainly from energy and waste. Coal mining accounts for 58% of energy-sector potential (via VAM oxidation and pre-mining degasification), while improved solid waste management accounts for 97% of waste-sector potential (via anaerobic digestion and recovery/utilization). Due to regional differences in climate, demographics, and economy, optimal strategies vary: pre-mining degasification and VAM oxidation suit coal regions (Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi), while anaerobic digestion, recovery/utilization, and incineration dominate in developed, populous provinces (Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang). The study quantifies China's maximum technical mitigation potential and offers guidance for other nations.

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Livestock is key to China's food security and "dual carbon" goals, and its methane (CH₄) control matters greatly for livestock self-sufficiency, dietary optimization, and climate response. This paper analyzes the CH₄ emission status, reduction technologies, and gaps in the world's top ten emitters (6 Annex I, 4 non-Annex I). Since 1990, livestock CH₄ growth in major emitters has been driven mainly by non-Annex I Parties (e.g., China, Brazil) due to dietary shifts and farming expansion, while Annex I Parties (e.g., US, EU) have plateaued or declined; China's per capita CH₄ remains low. As China's livestock production grows, both enteric fermentation and manure management CH₄ emissions are rising. Addressing sustainability, climate, and diplomacy challenges requires integrating genetic breeding, feed regulation, manure treatment, and resource utilization, alongside policy and technology optimization, to build a full-chain control system and achieve low-carbon, green, high-quality livestock development.

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This report is the final report of the China-Norway Black Carbon Emissions, Impacts and Control Policies Project (ChiNorBC). The project is jointly implemented by the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), co-organized by the Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning (CAEP), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and the CICERO Center for International Climate Research, and funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway.

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Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) are particulate matter from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. As short-lived climate forcers, BC warms the atmosphere while OC cools it. These aerosols significantly impact air quality, human health, and climate change on both regional and global scales.

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This report is part of Output 2 of the Chinese-Norwegian Project on Emission, Impact, and Control Policy for Black Carbon and its Co-benefits in Northern China (ChiNorBC), jointly implemented by the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and the Norwegian Environment Agency, with support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, aiming to improve emission inventories, assess climate, air quality and health impacts, and provide evidence-based policy solutions for BC and OC emission reduction in China.

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An overview of climate change and air quality policies implemented in China and Norway and how these policies have affected black and organic carbon emissions (BC/OC). The report identifies gaps and needs, in addition to forming part of the basis for recommendations to improve policies in China with focus on maximizing the co-benefits for climate and air pollution.

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This book is a series of review reports produced under the Chinese-Norwegian Project on Emission, Impact, and Control Policy for Black Carbon and its Co-benefits in Northern China (ChiNorBC). The project is jointly implemented by the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA), in partnership with the Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning (CAEP), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), with financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ChiNorBC will develop improved emission inventories for BC/OC emissions in China using the most recent, best available national statistics and measurements obtained in the project. Based on this, new estimates of effects of BC/OC on climate, air quality, and health will be provided. The project will further raise scientific, governmental, and public awareness and enhance the understanding of the positive impacts of BC/OC emissions reductions. Ultimately the ChiNorBC will provide Chinese policy makers with policy solutions for reducing BC/OC emissions in China which maximizes the co-benefits.

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The brochure aims to tell people about BC emissions and its impact, and to propose green lifestyle aimed to reduce carbon emissions

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The cartoon video aims to tell people about BC emissions and its impact, and to propose green lifestyle aimed to reduce carbon emissions.

A literature survey and summary of the impact of BC/OC and other pollutants on climate change and air quality in recent years. Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) plays an important role in air quality and climate change in China, and high concentrations of carbon aerosols may exacerbate the severity of smog and increase the complexity of air pollution.

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A comprehensive literature survey of short and long term exposure studies regarding health effects from BC exposure. In addition, the report gives an overview of the methodologies to identified studies using animal experiments and human clinical trials. The report gives a valuable conclusion showing that there is indeed evidence in literature linking BC with cardiorespiratory health effects, for both short- and long-term exposures.

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An overview of the latest Chinese policy implementation progress up to 2020. Designing of BC/OC control scenarios towards 2035 as is one of the objectives in the ChiNorBC project. To review China’s policies on air pollution prevention and control, identify measures that have a positive effect on reduction of BC/OC emissions, and identify the shortcomings of existing measures in BC/OC control, provides a basis for the design of BC/OC control strategies.

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All Publications

Evaluating national methane control action plan: Measure-specific impacts and sectoral pathways across northern China

Analysis of the Current Status, Emission Reduction Technologies, and Challenges of Methane Emissions from Animal Husbandry

Final Report produced under the Chinese-Norwegian Project on Emission, Impact, and Control Policy for Black Carbon and its Co-benefits in Northern China (ChiNorBC)

The executive summary describes and summarizes the key findings of the project ,the aim was to provide Chinese policy makers with policy solutions for reducing BC/OC emissions in China which maximizes the co-benefits.

Output 2 Review of BC/OC Emissions Inventories

Output 1 Review of BC/ OC emissions and control measures in China and Norway

Book: The Climate and Air Quality Co-benefits of Controlling Black Carbon and Organic Carbon: A Review of Emissions, Impacts and Policies

Brochure: The co-benefits on air quality and climate change of Black Carbon emissions reduction: How much do you know about emissions, impacts and policies?

Cartoon video: The co-benefits on air quality and climate change of Black Carbon emissions reduction: How much do you know about emissions, impacts and policies?

Output 3 Review of impact assessment of BC/OC on air quality and climate change

Output 4 Review of Human Health Effect Of Black Carbon In Air Pollution

Output 5 Review of Policies of China for the Control of Black and Organic Carbon